prime scholars

European Journal of Experimental Biology Open Access

  • ISSN: 2248-9215
  • Journal h-index: 45
  • Journal CiteScore: 34.35
  • Average acceptance to publication time (5-7 days)
  • Average article processing time (30-45 days) Less than 5 volumes 30 days
    8 - 9 volumes 40 days
    10 and more volumes 45 days
Reach us +32 25889658

Research Article - (2016) Volume 6, Issue 6

Antagonistic Potential of Different Isolates of Trichoderma against Rhizoctonia solani

Kumari A1*, Kumar R1, Maurya S2 and Pandey PK1

1University Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi, India

2ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Centre, Plandu, Ranchi, India

Corresponding Author:

Anjali Kumari
University Department of Botany
Ranchi University, Ranchi
India
Tel: +919704412434
E-mail: anjalikumariharp@gmail.com

Received date: October 21, 2016; Accepted date: November 23, 2016; Published date: November 30, 2016

Copyright: © 2016 Kumari A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at European Journal of Experimental Biology

Abstract

Trichoderma spp. is the most promising and effective bioagents against several soil borne plant pathogenic fungi. In present study, 26 isolates of Trichoderma were isolated from soil of Jharkhand and screened for their antagonistic and antibiosis efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani by dual culture. Result indicated that the antagonistic potential of 26 isolates of Trichoderma spp. against R. solani were varied which inhibited R. solani ranges 33-54%. Among isolates of Trichoderma, seven isolates showed strong antagonistic potential which inhibited >50% mycelial growth of R. solani, viz., RCT1 (53.71%) followed by RCT22 (52.6%), RCT3 (51.85%), RCT7 (51.11%), RCT10 (50.37%), RCT 8 (50%) and RCT14 (50%). Moreover, seventeen (17) isolates were also showed inhibitory but their antagonistic potential <50% of the mycelial growth while two isolates (RCT12 and RCT17) showed <40% mycelial growth. These potential isolates of Trichoderma may be further exploited as biocontrol agent against R. solani as well as other Soilborne phytopathogenic fungi.

Keywords

Biological control; Trichoderma; Antagonistic potential; Antibiosis; Inhibition

Introduction

Rhizoctonia solani is an important soilborne plant pathogenic fungus which distributed worldwide which has wide host range [1-3]. It causes numerous diseases in crop plants viz. dampingoff, black spot and root rot diseases [4]. R. solani is a fast growing necrotrophic and sclerotial fungus which survives in the soil as hard, resistant sclerotial bodies [5]. Management of R. solani by chemical fungicides was expensive and tedious. No effective fungicides are available in the market. Moreover the negative effect of chemical fungicides causes phytotoxicity and environmental pollution [6]. Intensified use of fungicides has resulted in the accumulation of toxic compounds potentially hazardous to humans and environment also in the build-up of resistance of pathogens [7]. In order to tackle these national and global problems, alternatives of chemical control are investigated by the use of antagonistic microbes [8]. In this regard biological control offers an alternative solution for long term sustainability and effective management of soil borne diseases [9,10]. Among the microbes, Trichoderma spp. is a common saprophytic filamentous fungi which habitat in soil and rhizospheric soil. It acts as a bio control agent against various plant pathogenic causes several diseases in mono and dicotyledonous crop plants [11-13].

The effectiveness of biocontrol agents depends on several parameters,that include specific pathogen, soil texture, water content, pH, temperature and crop history [14,15], therefore their application should consider the environmental stress that could affect their ability to maintain their biocontrol capacity. It has very wide range in modes of action viz. Plant growth promotion, mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition for nutrients and space, tolerance to stress through enhanced root and plant development [16-19]. Looking these potential systemic resistances Trichoderma against soil borne phytopathogen, the present experiment were designed to explore novel and potential isolates of Trichoderma spp. from the soil of Jharkhand in the biocontrol of R. solani and other soilborne phytopathogens.

Material and Method

The present experiments were conducted in ICAR, RCER, Research Centre, Plandu, and Ranchi, India.

Collection of soil sample

Soil samples (pH-acidic, N-medium, P-low, K-Sufficient, OClow) were collected from different localities of Agricultural and vegetable growing areas of Ranchi district of Jharkhand, at the depth of 5-7 cm of soil surface The composite soil samples were collected from a particular field in the polyethylene bag and labeled carefully (Table 1).

Sl. No Code Place of collection (Blocks of Ranchi dist.) Research centre code Soil sample detail (Rhizospheric soil)
1. T1 Namkum RC T1 Sapota
2. T2 Namkum RC T2 Litchi
3. T3 Mander RC T3 Mango
4. T4 Jonha RC T4 Guava
5. T5 Nagri RC T5 Ladyfinger
6. T6 Bero RC T6 Tomato
7. T7 Ratu RC T7 Onoin
8. T8 Burmu RC T8 Pea
9. T9 French bean RC T9 Angara
10. T10 Ormanjhi RC T10 Pea
11. T11 Lapung RC T11 Wheat
12. T12 Tamar RC T12 Brinjal
13. T13 Bero RC T13 Potato
14. T14 Chanho RC T14 Cabbage
15. T15 Namkum RC T15 Dioscoria
16. T16 Namkum RC T16 Elephant yam
17. T17 Namkum RC T17 Tephrosia
18. T18 Jonha RC T18 Gram
19. T19 Namkum RC T19 Pea
20. T20 Namkum RC T20 Mango
21. T21 Kanke RC T21 Cabbage
22. T22 Kanke RC T22 Beat
23. T23 Pithoria RC T23 Potato
24. T24 Angara RC T24 Paddy
25. T25 Silli RC T25 Mango
26. T26 Namkum RC T26 Litchi

Table 1: Collection of soil samples for isolation of Trichoderma from locality of Ranchi, Jharkhand.

Isolation of Trichoderma from soil

Isolation of different isolates of Trichoderma was made by the collected soil serial dilution technique of the soil sample. One (1) ml of 10-3 dilution was poured on to Trichoderma selective Medium (MgSO4: 0.20 g, KH2PO4: 0.90 g, NH4NO3: 1.0 g, KCl: 0.15 g, Glucose: 3.0 g, PCNB: 20 g, Rose Bengal: 0.15 g, Chloramphenicol: 0.25 g, Agar-agar: 15 g, Metalaxyl: 30 g, Distilled water: 1 L) for selective isolation of Trichoderma and after the appearance of the colonies of Trichoderma on Petri dishes purified by hyphal tip isolation techniques. Trichoderma spp. was identified, picked on the basis of their morphological and microscopic characteristics. The purified and identified cultures of Trichoderma spp. were maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and stored at 4°C for further experimentation (Table 2).

Isolates Periodical growth in(mm/day)
24Hrs

48Hrs

 72Hrs 96Hrs
T R T R T R T R
RC T1 29.33 ± 0.66 25.00 ± 0.57 48.33 ± 0.88 39.66 ± 0.88 49.00 ± 0.57 40.66 ± 1.45 49.00 ± 0.57 41.66 ± 0.88
RC T2 28.00 ± 1.15 23.00 ± 1.52 41.00 ± 0.57 48.66 ± 0.66 44.66 ± 0.88 49.33 ± 0.66 46.00 ± 0.00 47.33 ± 1.76
RC T3 27.00 ± 0.57 29.66 ± 0.33 44.33 ± 0.33 47.00 ± 0.00 45.33 ± 0.33 48.00 ± 0.00 47.66 ± 0.33 43.33 ± 0.88
RC T4 24.00 ± 1.15 26.66 ± 0.33 45.33 ± 0.33 45.33 ± 0.33 46.33 ± 0.33 47.00 ± 0.57 45.33 ± 1.33 47.00 ± 0.57
RC T5 28.66 ± 0.66 27.33 ± 0.33 48.00 ± 1.52 43.66 ± 0.33 46.66 ± 1.66 46.33 ± 0.66 48.33 ± 1.33 46.33 ± 0.66
RC T6 27.66 ± 0.33 28.00 ± 1.52 43.66 ± 0.88 45.00 ± 0.00 44.66 ± 0.33 46.33 ± 0.66 46.33 ± 0.33 45.33 ± 0.88
RC T7 25.66 ± 0.33 30.33 ± 0.33 44.66 ± 0.33 44.00 ± 0.57 47.33 ± 0.88 42.66 ± 0.88 46.00 ± 0.57 44.00 ± 0.57
RC T8 30.00 ± 0.00 33.00 ± 1.00 46.33 ± 0.66 45.00 ± 0.00 46.66 ± 0.33 48.33 ± 0.66 44.66 ± 0.88 45.00 ± 0.57
RC T9 25.00 ± 1.00 34.00 ± 0.57 42.33 ± 1.33 47.00 ± 1.00 44.66 ± 0.66 49.00 ± 1.52 46.66 ± 0.66 47.33 ± 1.76
RC T10 27.33 ± 1.15 32.66 ± 0.66 45.66 ± 0.33 43.00 ± 1.00 45.66 ± 0.66 47.00 ± 1.00 47.33 ± 3.33 44.66 ± 2.33
RC T11 27.33 ± 0.88 33.33 ± 1.66 41.66 ± 1.20 48.33 ± 0.88 46.00 ± 2.08 49.33 ± 0.33 45.00 ± 2.51 51.33 ± 2.96
RC T12 13.00 ± 1.52 34.00 ± 1.00 23.33 ± 1.76 55.00 ± 2.51 28.33 ± 1.20 64.00 ± 3.05 32.66 ± 1.76 60.33 ± 1.45
RC T13 24.00 ± 1.73 33.33 ± 0.33 41.00 ± 1.20 46.00 ± 0.00 44.66 ± 1.33 48.00 ± 0.00 45.00 ± 2.51 48.00 ± 0.57
RC T14 26.00 ± 0.57 33.00 ± 1.15 44.00 ± 0.57 44.66 ± 1.45 46.00 ± 1.15 47.66 ± 1.45 46.66 ± 1.66 45.00 ± 2.51
RC T15 25.33 ± 0.33 36.33 ± 0.88 47.33 ± 1.20 46.66 ± 0.88 47.66 ± 1.45 46.66 ± 0.33 48.00 ± 2.08 46.33 ± 0.66
RC T16 26.00 ± 2.08 34.66 ± 0.33 44.33 ± 2.08 48.33 ± 0.33 43.66 ± 0.88 47.66 ± 0.33 43.66 ± 0.33 45.66 ± 1.33
RC T17 15.33 ± 1.20 23.33 ± 2.40 25.33 ± 1.33 59.33 ± 1.76 32.00 ± 0.57 59.00 ± 0.57 33.00 ± 0.57 59.66 ± 0.33
RC T18 19.00 ± 1.00 34.33 ± 0.66 33.33 ± 2.18 49.66 ± 0.88 37.00 ± 0.00 53.33 ± 0.88 40.33 ± 0.88 53.00 ± 1.00
RC T19 27.66 ± 0.33 34.33 ± 0.66 43.66 ± 1.33 45.66 ± 1.33 44.33 ± 0.33 47.33 ± 0.66 46.33 ± 0.66 46.00 ± 0.00
RC T20 25.33 ± 0.33 35.00 ± 0.00 46.00 ± 2.00 49.00 ± 0.57 45.00 ± 0.57 49.66 ± 0.33 47.00 ± 1.00 47.66 ± 1.33
RC T21 30.33 ± 0.33 23.66 ± 0.88 44.00 ± 0.57 45.33 ± 0.33 50.33 ± 0.33 46.00 ± 0.57 55.33 ± 0.66 46.33 ± 0.66
RC T22 28.66 ± 0.88 28.33 ± 2.18 45.66 ± 0.33 45.33 ± 0.33 45.66 ± 0.66 47.00 ± 0.57 46.33 ± 1.66 42.66 ± 0.66
RC T23 27.66 ± 0.33 29.33 ± 3.17 46.66 ± 0.33 46.00 ± 0.57 48.00 ± 0.00 47.00 ± 1.52 49.33 ± 0.66 47.33 ± 0.33
RC T24 28.33 ± 0.33 31.00 ± 2.00 44.00 ± 0.00 45.66 ± 0.33 45.00 ± 0.57 47.66 ± 0.33 45.00 ± 0.00 45.66 ± 0.33
RC T25 30.33 ± 0.33 35.00 ± 0.00 45.00 ± 0.00 44.66 ± 0.33 44.33 ± 0.33 46.66 ± 0.66 44.33 ± 0.33 46.66 ± 0.33
RC T26 26.33 ± 0.33 32.33 ± 0.66 43.00 ± 0.57 45.00 ± 0.00 45.66 ± 0.33 45.33 ± 0.33 44.66 ± 0.66 45.66 ± 0.88

 ± standard error of mean, T= growth of Trichoderma isolates, R= growth of Rhizoctoniasolani

Table 2: Periodical growth of different isolates of Trichoderma and Rhizoctoniasolani in dual culture

Isolation of sclerotial fungus Rhizoctonia solani

Damping off diseased affected plants were collected from vegetable growing area of Ranchi, Jharkhand. Then after the collected sample were surface sterilized by dipping in 0.1% HgCl2 for 5-10 second followed by three subsequent washing with sterilized distilled water and then after they were placed in Petri plates containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 25°C ± 2°C for 36-48 h. The culture were purified by hyphal tip isolation and maintained on PDA slants for further experimentation as well as visually appeared sclerotia were collected, wash and inoculated on the petridishes of containing PDA and after 48-72 h colonies appeared on the petridishes (Figure 1).

european-journal-of-experimental-biology-Antagonistic

Figure 1: Antagonistic (mycoparasitism) potential of different isolates of Trichoderma against R. Solani (a) RCT1 (b) RCT2 (c) RCT3 (d) RCT4 (e) RCT5 (f) RCT6 (g) RCT7 (h) RCT8 (i) RCT9.

Identification of Trichoderma species

Fungal hyphae of Trichoderma species are septet, hyaline and smooth-walled which produces numerous conidiophores are highly branched. Normally, the branches will form at or near 90° with respect to the main branch. The typical conidiophore terminates with one or a few phialides that usually arising directly from the axis near the tip. Phialides, also known as conidiogenous cells, are typically enlarged in the middle like a flask-shape, and may be cylindrical or nearly sub-globose. Conidia are one-celled, and either ellipsoidal (3-5 × 2-4 μm, L/W ≥ 1.3) or globose (L/W< 1.3). They are typically light to dark green, or sometimes colourless, greyish or brownish which typically smooth surface.

Some strains are also produces chlamydospores which play important role in survival. They are normally found as thickwalled, enlarged vegetative cells with condensed cytoplasm which are unicellular, globose to subglobose chlamydospores are either formed within hyphae or at the hyphal tips [20-22].

Typically, they are colourless, pale yellowish or greenish. Morphological characters was compared with morphologically and molecularly identified strains T. asperellum (NAIMCCF- 03167) (Table 3).

Strains Growth of R. solaniin Treatment Growth of R. solaniin control Inhibition (%)
RC T1 41.66 ± 0.88 90.00 ± 0.00 53.71
RC T2 47.33 ± 1.76 47.41
RC T3 43.33 ± 0.88 51.85
RC T4 47.00 ± 0.57 47.77
RC T5 46.33 ± 0.66 48.52
RC T6 45.33 ± 0.88 49.63
RC T7 44.00 ± 0.57 51.11
RC T8 45.00 ± 0.57 50.00
RC T9 47.33 ± 1.76 47.41
RC T10 44.66 ± 2.33 50.37
RC T11 51.33 ± 2.96 42.96
RC T12 60.33 ± 1.45 32.96
RC T13 48.00 ± 0.57 46.66
RC T14 45.00 ± 2.51 50
RC T15 46.33 ± 0.66 48.52
RC T16 45.66 ± 1.33 49.26
RC T17 59.66 ± 0.33 33.71
RC T18 53.00 ± 1.00 41.11
RC T19 46.00 ± 0.00 48.88
RC T20 47.66 ± 1.33 47.04
RC T21 46.33 ± 0.66 48.52
RC T22 42.66 ± 0.66 52.6
RC T23 47.33 ± 0.33 47.41
RC T24 45.66 ± 0.33 49.26
RC T25 46.66 ± 0.33 48.15
RC T26 45.66 ± 0.88 49.26

RCT12,RCT17b) RCT11,RCT18c) RCT20d)RCT23,RCT25

Table 3: Inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani by different isolates of Trichoderma in dual culture (in mm).

Screening of antagonistic potential of Trichoderma with sclerotial fungi

Screening of antagonistic potential of different isolates of Trichoderma against R. solani was assessed by dual Culture in Petri dishes [23]. A mycelial bits of 5 mm diameter obtained from the margin of 3 day old actively growing colony of test fungus (R. solani) was place on a fresh PDA plate 2 cm from the centre of petriplate and antagonist (Trichoderma spp.) were placed opposite to test fungus at 4 cm apart in petriplate in triplicate. R. solani alone inoculated in PDA plate served as control. The radial growth of the pathogens in dual culture and control plates was measured periodically which incubated at 24°C ± 2°C in BOD [24]. The percent inhibition of mycelia growth over control was calculated by following equation [25].

I%=C-T/C × 100

Where, I=Percent inhibition of mycelial growth, C=Growth of mycelium in control.

T=Growth of mycelium in treatment in R. solani.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using statistical package SPSS version 20.

Result and Discussion

Native strains of Trichoderma were isolated from 26 different rhizospheric soils from sites selecting from different blocks of Ranchi district of Jharkhand and coded (Table 1) and individual culture of every isolate was maintained for further experimentation. The isolates were studied for species identification and the same revealed that they belong to Trichoderma Isolates. The isolates of Trichoderma were cultured in Petri plates individually and also in dual culture with R. solani and growth data has been recorded (Table 2). Further, the percent inhibition by all the 26 Trichoderma isolates against R. solani has been evaluated (Table 3). Among isolates of Trichoderma, seven isolates showed strong antagonistic potential which inhibited >50% mycelial growth of R. solani, viz., RCT1 (53.71%) followed by RCT22 (52.6%), RCT3 (51.85%), RCT7 (51.11%), RCT10 (50.37%), RCT 8 (50%) and RCT14 (50%). Moreover, seventeen (17) isolates were also showed inhibitory but their antagonistic potential < 50% of the mycelial growth while two isolates (RCT12 and RCT17) showed < 40% mycelial growth. Trichoderma species was found to be an effective biological control agent for protecting a number of crop plants from damaged induced by S. rolfsii and R. solani under both greenhouse and field conditions in the study conducted by [26,27]. Various agro products is used for biomass production and applied as a biocontrol agent. Several mechanisms may explain the biocontrol activity of these strains [28,29]. Hyperparasitism and volatile metabolites may be involved in the inhibition of R. solani [30]. Cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) such as chitinase, glucanase and proteases are thought to be closely related to the mycoparasitism of Trichoderma strains [17-32]. Inhibitory volatile substances such as alkylpyrons may also contribute to the biocontrol activity of some Trichoderma strains [33-35]. Harman et al. reported that the Trichoderma have ability to antagonized soilborne phytopathogens as well as it also induced plant growth promotion and protect plants form biotic and abiotic stresses [36,37]. Thus, it can be concluded that Trichoderma isolates proves to be effective biocontrol agent and native isolates of it may be further explored as biocontrol agent against R. solani.

Conclusion

Twenty six (26) native strains of Trichoderma were isolated from acid soil of Jharkhand and were characterized on the basis of their morphological features, antagonistic potential and compared with known strains of T. asperellum. Seven (7) isolates of Trichoderma showed strong antagonistic potential which inhibited >50% mycelial growth and seventeen (17) isolates were also showed inhibitory which antagonized < 50% of the mycelial growth of R. solani while two (2) isolates only showed < 40% antagonistic potential. As per result, seven potential isolates of Trichoderma may be further exploited as biocontrol agent against R. solani as well as other Soilborne phytopathogenic fungi.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Dr. Arun Kumar Singh, Principle Scientist & Head, and ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Centre, and Ranchi for providing necessary laboratory facilities and guidance during the present research.

References

  1. Naher L, Ali MA, Dey TK, Islam MM, Ismail A (2014) Evolution of disease and potential biocontrol activity of Trichoderma SP against Rhizoctoniasolani on potato Potencial do biocontroleporTrichodermaemrelaçao a evolucao da doencacausadaporRhizoctoniasolaniembatata. Bioscience Journal30.
  2. Osman MEAH, El-Sheekh MM, Metwally MA, Ismail AEWA, Ismail MM (2011) Antagonistic activity of some fungi and Cyanobacteria species against Rhizoctoniasolani. Int J Plant Pathol 2: 101-114.
  3. Neha D, Dawande AY (2010) Asiatic, J Biotech Res 1: 39-44.
  4. Vijay KK, Reddy MS, Kloepper JW, Lawrence KS, Groth DE(2009) Biosciences. BiotechRes Asia 6: 465-480.
  5. Kucuk C, Kivanc M(2010) Turkish JourBiol 27: 247-25.
  6. Neamat AK, Abou-Zeid NM, Noher AM, Abbas MS, Sobhy HM (2016) Enzyme activity and biochemical changes associated with induction of systemic resistance of faba bean against damping off disease. EgyBiolPstContr26:395.
  7. Deacon JW (1991) Significance of ecology in the development of biocontrol agents against soil?borne plant pathogens. BiocontrSci Tech 1:5-20.
  8. Sharma P, Sharma M, Raja M,Shanmugam V (2014) Enzyme activity and biochemical changes. Indian Phytopath. 61: 1-19.
  9. Kumar R, Maurya S, Kumari A, Choudhary J, Das B (2012) Biocontrol potentials of Trichodermaharzianum against sclerotial fungi. Bioscan 7:521-525.
  10. Al P, Oana-Alina S,Cristina P (2015) Comparative analysis of different DNA isolation methods for Trichoderma spp. Strains used as biocontrol agents. HortiFrst Biotech 19:22-25.
  11. Singh A, Srivastava M, Kumar V, Sharma A, Pandey S (2014) Exploration and interaction of Trichoderma species and their metabolites by confrontation assay against Pythiumaphanidermatum. Int J Sci Res 3:44-48.
  12. Padmaja M, Swathi J, Narendra K, Sowjanya K, Jawahar BMP(2015) ) Comparative analysis of different DNA isolation methods.Int J Pharm PharmSci 5: 322-325.
  13. Kannahi M, Dhivya S, Senthilkumar R (2016) Biological Control on Rice False Smut Disease using Trichoderma Species. Int J Pure AppBiosci 4:311-316.
  14. Petri?or C, Paica A (2016) Constantinescu F. Series B.HortiLX: 275-278.
  15. Benitez T, Rincon AM, Limon MC, Codon AC (2004)Mecanismos de biocontrol de cepas de Trichoderma. International Microbiology 7:249-260.
  16. Chet I (1987) Innovative approaches to plant disease control. Wiley.
  17. Ekundayo EA, Ekundayo FO, Osinowo IA (2015) Antifungal activities of Trichodermaviride and two fungicides in controlling diseases caused by Sclerotiumrolfsii on tomato plants. Advances in Applied Science Research 6: 12-19.
  18. Padmaja M, Narendra K, Swathi J, Sowjanya KM, Babu PJ(2013) In Vitro Antagonism of Native Isolates of Tricodermaspp Against Sclerotiumrolfsii. Int J Res Pharma and Biomed Sci 4:886-891.
  19. Bissett J (1984)A revision of the genus Trichoderma. I. Section Longibrachiatum sect. nov. Canadian Journal of Botany 62:924-931.
  20. Bissett J (1991) Biological Control on Rice False Smut Disease. Can JourBota 69: 2357-2372.
  21. Bissett (1991) Exploration and interaction of Trichoderma species. Can JourBota 69: 2373-2417.
  22. Morton DJ, StroubeWH (1955) Antifungal activities of Trichodermaviride. Phytopatho 45: 417-420.
  23. Kabir SE, Debnath S, Mazumder A, Dey T, Bera B (2016) Improvement of biocontrol efficacy. Ind Jour Fund ApplLifSci 6:1-6.
  24. Vincent JM (1927) In Vitro Antagonism of Native Isolates of Tricodermaspp Against Sclerotiumrolfsii. Nature 159:850.
  25. Marzano M, Gallo A, Altomare C (2013) Improvement of biocontrol efficacy of Trichodermaharzianum vs. Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. lycopersici through UV-induced tolerance to fusaric acid. Biological Control 67:397-408.
  26. Elad Y, Chet I, Katan J (1980) Trichodermaharzianum: A biocontrol agent effective against Sclerotiumrolfsii and Rhizoctoniasolani. Phytopathology 70:119-121.
  27. KhandelwalM, Datta S, Mehta J, Naruka R, Makhijani K etal. (2012) Isolation, characterization & biomass production of Trichodermaviride using various agro products-A biocontrol agent. AdvApplSci Res 3:3950-3955.
  28. Elad Y (1996) Mechanisms involved in the biological control ofBotrytis cinerea incited diseases. EurJour of PlntPatho 102:19-732.
  29. Naeimi S, Okhovvat SM, Javan-Nikkhah M, Vagvolgyi C, Khosravi V (2010) L. Phytopathol. Mediterr 49: 287-300.
  30. Harman GE (2006). Overview of Mechanisms and Uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology 96:190-194.
  31. Saravanakumar K, Yu CJ, Dou K, Wang M, Li Y (2016)Overview of Mechanisms of Biological Control.Bio Cont94: 37-46.
  32. Claydon N, Allan M, Hanson IR, Avont AG. (1987)Transactions of the British Mycological Society88: 503-513.
  33. Papavizas GC, Lumsden RD (1982) Mechanisms involved in the biological control of Botrytis cinerea. Plnt Dis 66: 1019-1020.
  34. Devaki NS, ShankaraBhat S, Bhat SG, Manjunatha KR (1992) Antagonistic activities of Trichodermaharzianum against Pythiumaphanidermatum and Pythiummyriotylum on tobacco. JourPhyto 136:82-87.
  35. Harman GE, Howell CR, Viterbo A, Chet I, Lorito M.(2004) Isolation, characterization & biomass production. Nature Rev. Microbio 2: 1-14         
  36. Maurya S, Singh R, Singh DP, Singh HB, Singh UP (2008) Mechanisms involved in the biological control.PlntProt Res 48: 347-353.
Awards Nomination 0.329+ Million Readerbase
Prime Scholar Scan code
Google Scholar citation report
Citations : 13650

European Journal of Experimental Biology received 13650 citations as per Google Scholar report

Citation image
Abstracted/Indexed in
View More
Useful Links
Share This Page
Open Access Journals
View More