Journal of Neuro-Oncology and Neuroscience Open Access

Description

Diagnostic tests and procedures are essential tools for practitioners to confirm or rule out a neurological problem or other medical issue. For many neurological illnesses a century ago, the only way to make a definitive diagnosis was to do an autopsy after someone had died. Scientists can now examine the living brain and monitor nervous system activity in real time. Doctors now have more powerful and accurate tools to better diagnose disease and measure the efficacy of a treatment. It's difficult and time-consuming to assess and diagnose nervous system impairment. Among the various illnesses, many of the same symptoms occur in various combinations. Many ailments also lack clear causes, indicators, or testing. This can make a diagnosis much more difficult. Genetic testing and diagnostic imaging have undergone the most significant advancements over the last decade. The human genome (the whole collection of a person's genes) has been sequenced, and new tools to identify genetic alterations have been developed. Highresolution images of the brain's structure are now possible because of improved imaging technology. Changes in brain activity or the levels of specific brain chemicals can be visualised using specialised imaging technologies. Scientists are working to develop these technologies so that they can deliver more detailed diagnostic data. To diagnose, manage, and treat neurological disease, researchers and physicians use a number of diagnostic imaging techniques as well as chemical and metabolic assays. To diagnose certain illnesses or abnormalities, some procedures are carried out in specialised environments. The motor and sensory skills, hearing and speech, vision, coordination, and balance are all assessed during a neurological examination. It can also be used to assess mental health, mood, and behaviour. A tuning fork, flashlight, reflex hammer, and an eye examination tool are among the tools used during the examination. The results of the neurological examination and the patient's medical history are utilised to create a differential diagnosis, which helps identify which other diagnostic tests and treatments are required. A detailed medical history and physical examination are required to diagnose a nervous system illness. Some of the examinations are described below.

CT scan (Computerised Tomography)

It is one of the examination tests for neurological disorder where it uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology in order to get horizontal images of the body. This image testing scan shows clear and detailed images of any part of the body such as muscles, fat, organs and bones.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

This test creates comprehensive images of organs and structures within the body using a combination of large magnets, radio waves, and a computer.

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

This test monitors the brain's constant electrical activity through electrodes attached to the scalp.

Arteriogram (angiogram)

This X-ray of the arteries and veins looks for blockages or constriction.

Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

A specific needle is inserted into the lower back, into the spinal canal, during this examination. This is the region of the spine that surrounds the spinal cord. After that, the pressure in the spinal canal and the brain can be monitored. A small sample of Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) can be taken and tested to see if there is an infection or other issues. The fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord is known as CSF.

Myelogram

This technique makes the structure of the spinal canal apparent on X-rays by injecting dye into it.

Neurosonography

Ultra high-frequency sound waves are used in this test. In the event of a potential stroke, it permits the healthcare provider to assess blood flow.