Commentary Article - (2022) Volume 6, Issue 5
Received: 31-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. IPNBI-22-14820 ; Editor assigned: 02-Sep-2022, Pre QC No. IPNBI-22-14820 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Sep-2022, QC No. IPNBI-22-14820 ; Revised: 21-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. IPNBI-22-14820 (R); Published: 28-Sep-2022, DOI: 10.36648/ipnbi.6.5.22
White matter injury, previously known primarily in preterm neonates, is emerging as a critical component of subtle brain injury in many early-life diseases, such as prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital heart defects, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. While medical advances have reduced the number of severe sequelae, the incidence of late-onset complex cognitive impairment or psychopathology remains high with lifelong consequences. Given the importance of WM in coordinating the firing of neuronal assemblies and synchronizing neural groups across multiple frequency bands through myelination, even small changes in WM structure can interfere with cognitive performance, which increasing social and educational demands could exploit in late childhood development, help explain the high incidence of late-onset disorders in children with a history of perinatal insults over time. In addition, WM abnormalities have been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. In this review, we have collected and organized the evidence on how diffuse WM injuries contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders through various perinatal diseases and insults. Possible cross-disease mechanisms, neuroimaging and monitoring, biomarkers and neuroprotective strategies will also be discussed. Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and neuroimaging studies have greatly accelerated TMS and neuroimaging research in the past decade. In this section, we look at how TMS can be used in conjunction with various neuroimaging techniques to investigate human brain function. TMS can be used to test how focal stimulation of the cerebral cortex acutely modifies activity and connectivity in stimulated neuronal circuits when used during neuroimaging (online access). TMS and neuroimaging can also be separated in time (offline access). Repetitive TMS (rTMS) conditioning can be used to induce rapid reorganization in functional brain networks. Temporo-spatial patterns of TMS-induced reorganization can then be mapped using neuroimaging methods. Alternatively, neuroimaging can be used to first identify the brain regions involved in a given task. The spatiotemporal information obtained by neuroimaging can be used to define the optimal stimulation site and time point in a subsequent experiment in which TMS is used to investigate the functional contribution of the stimulated area to a specific task. In this review, we first discuss some general methodological issues that need to be considered when using TMS in a neuroimaging context. The use of specific brain mapping techniques in conjunction with TMS is then discussed. We emphasize that different neuroimaging techniques provide complementary information and have different methodological strengths and weaknesses. Little is known about the effects of Alzheimer’s disease risk factors on white matter microstructure in cognitively healthy adults. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to look at the effect of two well-known risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease, parental family history and APOE4 genotype. In childhood, the development of white matter fibers involves dynamic changes in microstructural organization caused by increasing axon diameter, density, and myelination. However, longitudinal studies quantifying advanced diffusion metrics to identify regions of accelerated fiber maturation, particularly in the early pubertal period, are lacking. To estimate microscopic and macroscopic changes in white matter over time, we used a novel analytical framework based on a longitudinal fixule.
None.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Citation: Vedovelli L (2022) Diffusion Compartment Imaging was used to Assess White Matter Microstructure in Children with Early-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurosci Brain Imag. 6:22.
Copyright: © 2022 Vedovelli L. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
