Commentary - (2022) Volume 10, Issue 5
Received: 30-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. IPAAD-22-14897; Editor assigned: 01-Sep-2022, Pre QC No. IPAAD-22-14897 ( PQ); Reviewed: 15-Sep-2022, QC No. IPAAD-22-14897; Revised: 20-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. IPAAD-22-14897 (R); Published: 27-Sep-2022, DOI: 10.36648/2321-547X-.22.10.25
Delivery of drug formulations through the subcutaneous route is a widely used modality for the treatment of several diseases, such as diabetes and auto-immune conditions. Subcutaneous injections are typically used to inject low-viscosity drugs in small doses. However, for new biologics, there is a need to deliver drugs of higher viscosity in large volumes. The response of subcutaneous tissue to such high-volume doses and higher viscosity injections is not well understood. Animal models have several drawbacks such as relevance to humans, lack of predictive power beyond the immediate population studied, cost, and ethical considerations. Therefore, a computational framework that can predict the tissue response to subcutaneous injections would be a valuable tool in the design and development of new devices. To model subcutaneous drug delivery accurately, one needs to consider: The deformation and damage mechanics of skin layers due to needle penetration and the coupled fluid flow and deformation of the hypodermis tissue due to drug delivery. The deformation of the skin is described by the anisotropic, hyper-elastic, and viscoelastic constitutive laws. The damage mechanics is modelled by using appropriate damage criteria and damage evolution laws in the modelling framework. The deformation of the subcutaneous space due to fluid flow is described by the poro-hyperelastic theory. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the methodologies used to model each of the above-mentioned aspects of subcutaneous drug delivery. We also present an overview of the experimental techniques used to obtain various model parameters.
A drug’s bioavailability, i.e., the extent to and rate at which it enters the systemic circulation, thus accessing the site of action, is largely determined by the properties of the drug. Many of the drugs currently entering the clinic are highly hydrophobic and/or present high molecular weights, others are highly sensitive and easily degrade upon administration. Pharmaceutical interventions to circumvent poor water solubility and permeability issues, as well as the physicochemical instability or degradation in the body, often rely on the use of polymers, either natural or synthetic, which confer unique properties to the dosage forms and contribute to better clinical outcomes. Therefore, polymeric excipients have been widely introduced in pharmaceutical manufacturing, for the delivery and targeting of many drugs, improving their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Polymer-modified liposomes, as drug-delivery systems, have been thoroughly reviewed by Cao, Dong and Chen. The paper guides the reader from the early days when the first PEGylated liposomal formulation was approved by the FDA to the most recent approaches to liposomes’ modification and marketed products. While preserving the properties of conventional liposomes (e.g., the incorporation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical and biophysical properties, the controlled release of drugs, passive targeting to tumors, and reduced drug toxicity), the surface modification of the carrier modulates its physiological properties. Polymers are mainly grafted or physically adsorbed onto the surfaces of liposomes, to increase the colloidal stability and prevent rapid uptake by the mononuclear phagocytic system and blood clearance. Specific functionalities lent by the surface polymers e.g., polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, chitosan and alginate include long blood circulation times and targeting and/or stimulus-responsive features, resulting in improved drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The advantages and disadvantages provided by each polymer, and future research and regulatory perspectives are also addressed in this review.
The effective delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics remains rather challenging and requires frequent administration by the parenteral route. The task becomes more difficult if a local, sustained, controlled delivery of the protein drug is needed. To address these problems, a novel polymer protein conjugate with poly (ethylene glycol), capped with a high-affinity adamantane, was synthesized the conjugate was then complexed with a cyclodextrin-based polymer by hydrophobic- driven thermodynamic interactions between the polymeric cyclodextrin cavity and the protein payload cap. Bovine serum albumin and anti-interleukin-10 monoclonal antibodies were used, respectively, as a model protein and as proof of the functionality of the system. The affinity-based construct was capable of maintaining sustained drug release for up to sixty five days, largely preserving both structure and protein function. The possibility of leveraging the affinity-driven loading of cyclodextrins with hydrophilic, high-molecular-mass compounds in turn, prolonging drug release while maintaining antigen specificity (≈ 70%) was demonstrated for the first time. Although in vivo experiments are warranted, significant clinical applications of the strategy, for antibody-based treatments in cancer or autoimmune diseases, are expected.
Authors do not have acknowledgments currently.
There are no conflicts of interest.
Citation: Stefater AJ (2022) Drug Delivery and Nanoparticle Formulations. Am J Adv Drug Deliv. 10:25.
Copyright: © 2022 Stefater AJ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
