Research Article - (2013) Volume 3, Issue 1
Fırat Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Elazığ / TÜRKİYE
In general, it has been acknowledged that the competitiveness or rivalry which is existing in the sport evolve out of achievement motivation. The focal point of achievement need for some people is that to achieve high level satisfaction rather than to success in the event based on achievement. However, the point which must be taken into consideration is that the perception of achievement will vary from person to person. In other words, each individual is obliged to determine his/her achievement behaviour. Based on these considerations, in our study, we aim at the examination of the Sport-Specific Achievement Motivation Level of Super League Handball Players. Man and woman 112 handball players who took part in interuniversity handball games in 2011-2012 have voluntarily participated in this study. “Personal Information Form” has been created to obtain information belonging to the sportspersons participated in study. In order to determine Sport-Specific Achievement Motivation Level, “Sport- Specific Achievement Motivation” scale which was developed by Wills (1982) and adopted in Turkey by Tiryaki and Gödelek (1997) has been used. The data obtained has been evaluated by SSPS statistic program and significance level has been taken as (P<0.05). At the end of the study, no significant difference has been found between the sportspecific achievement motivations levels of the handball players participated in the study in terms of gender variable. As for the variables such as playing period and being national team player, significant differences have been observed statistically in the power showing motive.
Sport, handball, motivation, sport-specific achievement motivation, motive
Motive is one of the most important concepts exploded by Physiology. Motives underlie the human and animal behaviours. Motives may be kind of known and comprehensible today or of unknown and incomprehensible clearly for now.
Regardless of where and no matter what is done, it has been known that a motive or chain of motives underlie each behaviour [1]. Motives; are the conscious or unconscious factors initiating, revealing or maintaining behaviour in organism [2]. According to Arslanoğluna (2005) motive is one of the factors prompting a person to take an action or to choose one of the many action options and perform relative continuous [3,4].
Motivation concept; derived from the Latin term “movers” meaning to act, to promote and to take action [5]. Turkish equivalent of the term motive is defined as “güdü” and motivate. Motivation means power that motivates a person for a specific purpose. Motivation is a power possessing three basic characteristics such as motivative, sustaining the motion and positive director [6,7]. Motivation is all of the factors directing person to specific behaviour in specific cases [8]. Motivation is to help people to be successful and to achieve personal satisfaction [9]. To motivate people and sustain their motivation is not as easy as it is thought [4,6].
Achievement motivation (motive) has been defined by many researches as performing a job as masterfully, achieving perfectly, overcoming problems and performing better than others [10]. Gill (1986), on the other hand, defines as achievement motivation, resistance to failure, strives to see a thing through and search for uncertain situations [11]. karimi (2012) The Relationship between Coaches’ Leadership Behaviors and Success Motivation In Women Players of Volleyball, the results of multiple regression test between leadership behavior of coaches and success player’s motivation (step by step method), showed that among the five aspects of leadership behaviors of coaches, just social support behavior can predict the success motivation of players [12].
Dousti (2012) Study of the Motivations for getting tattooed in student athletes in Iran, The results show that reason of beauty, art and fashion for getting Tattoo in the research sample had the highest rate. In addition, educational programs for student athletes about tattooing to reduce risks and promote dissuasion should be implemented [13].
Achievement Motivation Theory tries to explain why people attend an event, why they put so much effort to achieve an extremely difficult objective and why they maintain it for so long. It is generally considered that the competitiveness or rivalry existing in the sport evolved out of achievement motivation. The focal point of achievement need for some people is that to achieve high level satisfaction rather than to success in the event based on achievement. However, the point which must be taken into consideration is that the perception of achievement will vary from person to person. In other words, each individual is obliged to determine his/her achievement behaviour. But if the performance-based result identified with individual’s inability or low effort, this also is considered as failure. Therefore, a situation considered to be success by one might be considered as a failure for another [14,15].
It is certain for a situation with very low power of motivation to end up with low success. It is quite obvious that the relation between the power of motivation and success is very important, especially in sport [16]. It is known that the things making sportspersons and sports different in individual and team sports are that the mental factors of the sportspersons [17]. Although an underachievement in any sport branch or event is sufficient for a sportsperson, in a different branch or event, a normal achievement may be considered as a failure for same sportsperson. In other words, the sportsperson designates his/her success level case by case [18].
Based on these definitions, in this study, it has been aimed at the examination of sport-specific achievement motivation level of super league handball players taken part in 2011-2012 interuniversity handball events.
60 men and 52 women of total 112 handball players who took part in interuniversity handball games in 2011-2012 have voluntarily participated in this study group.
Data has been obtained by personal information form and “Sport-Specific Achievement Motivation” scale which was developed by Wills (1982) and adopted in Turkey by Gödelek (1997) [14]. Scale; has been applied to the participants before the games in group.
Cronbach alpha value has been found 0.81 for the sub-scale of Power Motive (POW), two half reliability value has been found 0.79; Cronbach alpha value has been found 0.82 for the sub-scale of motive for approaching success (MAS), two half reliability value has been found 0.78; Cronbach alpha value has been found 0.80 for the sub-scale of Motive for Avoiding Failure (MAF), two half reliability value has been found 0.75.
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to determine whether it displays normal distribution or not and found out that it displays normal distribution. Since the data displays normal distribution, t test has been performed in independent groups for the determination of difference between variables and ANOVA test has been performed for the determination of difference between groups. Error level in this study has been taken as (0.05)
Analysing the values in Table-1, as for the gender variables of the handball players participated in the study, no significant difference has been determined statistically in the comparison of the points related to Sport-specific achievement motivation levels (p>0,05).
Table 1: Statistical distribution value of sport-specific achievement motivation scale points as for gender variables.
Analysing the values in Table-2, as for non-national team player variables of the handball players participated in the study, significant differences have been determined in Power Motive level statistically in the comparison of the points related to Sport-specific achievement motivation levels (p>0.04). No significant difference has been determined in the level of Motive for Approaching Success, Avoiding Success, Success Need (p<0. 05).
Table 2: Statistical distribution value of sport-specific achievement motivation scale points as for non-national team player situation.
Analysing the values in Table-3, as for sports year variables of the handball players participated in the study, significant differences have been determined in Power Motive level statistically in the comparison of the points related to Sport-specific achievement motivation levels (p>0.03). Significant differences have been determined in the level of Motive for Approaching Success, Avoiding Success, Success Need (p<0.05).
Table 3: Statistical distribution value of sport-specific achievement motivation scale points as for sports year variables.
No significant difference has been determined statistically in the comparison of the scale points related to sportspecific achievement motivation levels of the handball players participated in the study as for gender variables (P<0,05). However, it has been observed that the points of power need, approaching success and avoiding success motives of female handball players was higher than those of male handball players.
When different works have been analysed, it has been found out that in the study carried out by Aktaş et al. (2006) to determine whether there is any difference or not between sport-specific achievement motivation levels of the handball players participated in the study in terms of gender variables, the points of power motive (POW) of the male basketball players were higher than those of female basketball players [13]. Er and et al. (2003), in their study named “Analysis of Achievement Motivation in Sports in terms of Genders”, found that the power motive (POW) is higher in female players [19]. According to the findings determined by Yaman and et al. (2001) in the study named “Analysis of Achievement Motivation Differences between Female Volleyball, Handball and Football Players in Turkish First Division”, power motive was higher in female handball players, motive for approaching success was higher in female football players and avoiding failure motive was higher in female volleyball and football players [20].
According to the findings determined by Aktop and Erman (2002) in the study named “Comparison of Achievement Motivation, Self-Respect and Constant Anxiety Levels of the Team and Individual Sportspersons”, no differences has been observed in terms of power motive, motive for approaching success and avoiding failure motive levels of sports-specific achievement motivation regarded as relatively constant and a feature of sportspersons interested in team and individual sports [21].
When statistical distribution of sport-specific achievement motivation level scale points evaluated in terms of national team players situation variables, it was appeared that the power motive (POW) scores of sportspersons reached at national team level were higher by comparison with those of non-national team handball players. Ergür (2002), in his study named analysis of anxiety levels of achievement motivation in elite sportspersons, has found that the power motive (POW) scores of non-national team players were lower by comparison with those of national team players [22]. National Team Players who have more specific talent and display great performance in comparison with others in terms of sports may show high score of power motive with purpose of showing a successful behaviour and this may be a possible result. It has been determined that as the sports year and accordingly experience increases in comparison of scores related to sports-specific achievement motivation levels, power showing motive levels also increase statistically and constitute a significant difference (p>0,03). No significant difference has been observed in levels of Approaching Success, Avoiding Success, Success Need motives (p<0,05). Turhan (2009), in his study which supports our study, has determined the power showing motive meaningfully lower in football players whose playing experience less than 5 years. No significant difference has been found between both groups in terms of approaching success motive and avoiding failure motive [4].
