- (2005) Volume 6, Issue 5
Jonathan Hardman1, Saurabh Jamdar1, Conor Shields2, Ray McMahon3, H Paul Redmond2, Ajith K Siriwardena1
1HPB Unit, Department of Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary. Manchester, United Kingdom
2Department of Academic Surgery, Cork University Hospital and National University of Ireland.
Cork, Ireland
3Academic Department of Histopathology, Manchester Royal Infirmary. Manchester,
United Kingdom
Received March 11th, 2005 - Accepted July 21st, 2005
Background The LIM homeodomain protein Islet-1 is expressed in developing pancreas in rat and mouse. It is essential for the generation of pancreatic endocrine cells: targeted disruption of the islet-1 gene results in an early arrest of embryonic development with abnormality of the pancreas anlage and complete absence of endocrine cells. Islet-1 expression in normal and neoplastic human pancreas has not yet been evaluated. Aim To evaluate Islet-1 protein expression in developing and adult human pancreas and derived tumors. Methods Normal samples of fetal (12w, 14w, 22w), pediatric (1y, 4y) and adult (25y, 55y), formalin fixed-paraffin embedded pancreatic tissues were evaluated for Islet-1 expression with an immunohistochemical technique. Two different monoclonal antibodies, raised against different epitopes of Islet-1 were utilized. Serial sections were immunostained for general neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin and synaptophysin). In order to evaluate coexpression, double immunostainings for either insulin or glucagon and Islet-1 were performed. A large series of previously characterized pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET), including benign (n=50), borderline (n=29), well differentiated (n=30) and poorly differentiated carcinomas (n=10) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (n=20) were also immunostained with anti- Islet-1 antibodies. Results Islet-1 was expressed in the nuclei of the majority of pancreatic endocrine cells from the beginning of endocrine differentiation in the fetal pancreas till in the adult life. All insulin and glucagon positive cells coexpressed Islet-1. Its reactivity was confined to the endocrine compartment (insulae and periductal endocrine cells); pancreatic acinar and ductal cells were negative. Both antibodies gave the same pattern of reaction and were equally effective in formalin fixed-paraffin embedded material. No Islet-1 immunoreactivity was observed in the ductal adenocarcinoma cases. Nuclear Islet-1 immunoreactivity was present in 87% of PET cases. Poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas displayed a significant decrease in Islet-1 immunoreactivity with 70% of negative cases, but no relation with prognosis was observed. Conclusions Islet-1 is expressed in developing and adult human endocrine pancreas, at variance with rodent pancreas where its expression is limited to the embryonic life. These antibodies are useful tools for the study of the complex array of transcription factors involved in endocrine differentiation of human pancreas. Islet-1 can be utilized as a sensitive marker for identifying pancreatic endocrine tumors.
Antioxidants; Pancreatitis; Selenium; Therapeutics
AP: acute pancreatitis; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; CV: coefficient of variation; MPO: myeloperoxidase activity
Oxidative stress, mediated by short-lived intracellular oxygen free-radical species is one of the mediators of acinar cell and remote organ injury in experimental acute pancreatitis (AP) [1, 2]. Corroborative evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress mediators is derived from studies demonstrating upregulation of the oxidative stress response genes c-fos, heme oxygenase and metallothionein during experimental acute pancreatitis [3]. These genetic changes are paralleled in the clinical state by depletion of serum anti-oxidants during acute pancreatitis with the degree of depletion corresponding to disease severity [4]. In intraperitoneal L-arginine-induced experimental acute pancreatitis we have previously demonstrated that exogenous anti-oxidant supplementation using a combination of nacetylcysteine, selenium and vitamin C reduces stigmata of pancreatic injury when the compounds are administered early in the disease course [5]. However, a case-control study from this unit demonstrated no benefit from clinical administration of these multicompound anti-oxidants in clinical acute pancreatitis although critically, many patients in the clinical study received anti-oxidants relatively late in the disease course [6]. In contrast, Angstwurm’s randomised clinical trial of administration of intravenous selenium to patients admitted to an intensive care unit with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with intervention commencing on the day of admission revealed that treatment with selenium resulted both in a normalization of selenium levels and a reduction in organ failure [7].
Selenium is a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) [8]. Glutathione peroxidase catalyses the reduction of both hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides (GSH) [9] and as such acts as an intracellular defence against free radical injury [10].
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of selenium in a well-validated experimental model of acute pancreatitis in which there is reliable acinar cell injury associated with a state of oxidative stress [11, 12] together with consistent extra-pancreatic end-organ effects [13, 14]. In particular, pulmonary oedema and neutrophil infiltrate are characteristic and replicate the common human disease variants.
Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with a median weight of 360 g (range: 270-420 g) were used in this study. There was no significant difference in animal weights between study groups (Kruskal-Wallis test: P=0.494). Standard diet and water were provided ad libitum throughout the study period.
Model of Acute Pancreatitis and Study Design
Acute pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine as previously described [13]. Two hundred and fifty milligrams per 100 g body weight of 20% L-arginine hydrochloride in 0.15 mol/L sterile sodium chloride solution was given at a time point designated 0 hours. The animals were sacrificed 72 hours after induction of experimental acute pancreatitis (or commencement of study in controls). Samples were collected for biochemical and histological assessment immediately after animal sacrifice. The animals were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n=5 per group) as follows.
Group1: Control. No intervention was undertaken in these animals until sacrifice at 72 hours.
Group 2: Acute Pancreatitis (AP). Acute pancreatitis was induced at onset of experiment (0 hours) as described above. Intravenous (tail vein) bolus injections of (0.9%) sterile normal saline were given at 24 and 48 hours following induction of acute pancreatitis.
Group 3: Selenium. Intravenous tail vein bolus injections of 15μg/kg of selenium at 24 and 48 hours following induction of experimental acute pancreatitis by intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine at 0 hours. The selenium used was in the form of sodium selenite and the concentration was derived from the protocol in clinical use in this institution at the time of the study which was a loading dose of 1,000 μg in a 70 kg adult at commencement of clinical treatment to be repeated 24 hours later [6].
The total injected volume was 5 mL per kg body weight for each group in order to conform to accepted practice [15] and to maintain consistency of resuscitative fluid volume between groups. The control and acute pancreatitis groups were run in parallel with a concurrent study and data from these two groups have been reported elsewhere [5, 16].
Biochemical Assessment
Serum was analysed for selenium, and the molar ratio of the 9-cis, 11-trans isomer of linoleic acid was expressed as a molar ratio of the parent 9,12 linoleic acid in serum. In brief, serum selenium was analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy [17]. The lower limit of detection in our laboratory was 2.0 μg/L with a within batch coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.0% and a between batch CV of 5.0% [18]. Analysis of serum 9,12 linoleic acid and its 9,11 isomer was based on enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography [19]. The lower limit of detection for linoleic acid was 20 μmol/L (within batch CV, 3.8%; between batch CV, 11.2%) and for 9,11 the lower limit for detection was 3.0 μmol/L (within batch CV, 4.3%; between batch CV, 7.0%). Results are expressed as molar ratio of 9,11 to 9,12 linoleic acid. Serum was also analysed for amylase content and albumin as a surrogate marker for haemoconcentration by the clinical biochemistry laboratory at Cork University Hospital.
Assessment of Pulmonary Injury
Pulmonary oedema and endothelial injury were assessed by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein content [20]. Lung tissue myeloperoxidase concentration (MPO) (expressed as units of activity per g lung tissue) was assessed as an index of pulmonary neutrophil infiltration [21]. The value of measuring MPO activity to assess polymorphonuclear (PMN) infiltration has been previously reported [22].
Pulmonary and pancreatic parenchymal samples were buffered in standard 10% formalin prior to staining with haematoxylin and eosin. Qualitative examination of histologic samples was undertaken by a Consultant Histopathologist blind to specimen group allocation. A histological injury score was applied, derived from that utilised by Rakonczay et al. [23], by grading from 0 to 3 for the following components: oedema; polymorphonuclear (PMN) lymphocyte infiltration; mononuclear cell infiltration; acinar cell degranulation; and acinar cell dilation.
ETHICS
The study was conducted following approval from the Biological Services Unit at University College, Cork, Ireland. The animals received humane care according to the criteria outlined in the ‘Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1996)’ prepared by the National Academy of Sciences.
STATISTICS
Data are expressed as median (range) unless otherwise stated. Statistical analysis was undertaken by unpaired, two-tailed nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney U-test) unless otherwise stated. Kruskal-Wallis was also used. Statistical significance was accepted at the P<0.05 levels. The GraphPad Instat statistics package (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California) was used.
Biochemical Analysis (Table 1)
Serum Amylase. The serum amylase was elevated (P=0.008) in animals with AP when compared to control. The serum amylase in the selenium group was similar to that in animals in the AP group.
Serum Selenium. The serum selenium was lower (P=0.016) in the AP group when compared to controls. The serum selenium levels were also lower in animals given selenium (P=0.008) when compared to the control group.
Serum 9,11/9,12 Linoleic Acid Ratio. Serum 9,11 linoleic acid concentrations were below the level of detection in all study groups.
Serum Albumin. There was no significant difference in serum albumin concentrations between groups
Pulmonary Injury (Table 2)
Myeloperoxidase Activity (MPO) (Figure 1) MPO activity was greater (P=0.008) in the AP group compared to control. MPO activity was found to be similar in the selenium group compared to animals with AP and elevated in comparison to control animals (P=0.008 vs. control).
Figure 1. Box and whisker plot of myeloperoxidase activity. (AP: acute pancreatitis. The boxes show the median and interquartile ranges; the whiskers show the extreme values.)
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Protein Content (Figure 2). The BAL protein content was elevated (P=0.008) in animals with acute pancreatitis compared to control. The BAL protein content was reduced in animals receiving selenium (P=0.008) compared to the AP group.
Figure 2. Box and whisker plot of bronchoalveolar lavage protein content. (AP: acute pancreatitis. The boxes show the median and interquartile ranges; the whiskers show the extreme values.)
Histological Assessment (Table 3)
Pancreatic Injury. The pancreatic injury in this model was characterised by oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration (both neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and mononuclear cells); acinar cell degranulation and dilatation. Acinar cell necrosis was not seen and the architecture of the islets of Langerhans and the pancreatic ducts was preserved (Figure 3). Selenium supplementation was associated with marked reduction in histological evidence of pancreatic injury. In the selenium group pancreatic oedema was reduced compared to those animals with AP; inflammatory cell infiltration (both PMNs and monocytes) was absent and there was no evidence of acinar cell degranulation or dilation on light microscopy (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Pancreatic injury in L-arginine-induced experimental acute pancreatitis (H&E x40). Note the presence of oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar cell degranulation, and dilatation.
Figure 4. H&E preparation of pancreatic parenchyma from selenium treated animal (x40). Note the relatively normal acinar architecture.
Depletion of plasma selenium is well documented in critical illness and may relate to cellular oxidative stress [24, 25]. Although it is not established whether this selenium depletion is a central component of critical illness or an epiphenomenon, clinical studies in critical illness have demonstrated beneficial outcomes from selenium supplementation [7,26]. The present study addresses the question of whether selenium supplementation after induction of acute pancreatitis normalises stigmata of pancreatic injury. In this 72-hour model, the concentration of Larginine used produces a moderate oedematous pancreatitis with hyperamylasaemia but without hypoalbuminaemia. In this study, serum selenium was lower in experimental acute pancreatitis than in controls. Selenium supplementation did not prevent this phenomenon and selenium levels were reduced in the group receiving selenium supplementation. The concentration of 15 μg/kg selenium was based on direct extrapolation from the doses of selenium used in clinical studies in acute pancreatitis in this unit [6] but it is possible that higher concentrations may have produced different effects on serum selenium levels. Pulmonary injury in acute pancreatitis was characterised by increased lung parenchymal myeloperoxidase activity and elevated protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid suggestive of both pulmonary neutrophil infiltration and oedema. Treatment with selenium did not prevent increased pulmonary MPO activity but was associated with a significant reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage protein content. Selenium modified histological features of pancreatic injury and abolished PMN and mononuclear cell infiltration and features of acinar degranulation and dilatation. These features were striking and consistently reproduced, however the limitations of histologic injury scores must be acknowledged in that histologic injury is a continuum and not a categorical variable and prone to sampling bias.
Lipid peroxidation is a common feature of oxidative stress injury and the ratio of 9,11/9,12 linoleic acid has been shown to be an index of cellular injury in clinical acute pancreatitis (2). However quantifiable levels of 9,11 linoleic were not detected in this experimental model suggesting an alternative pathway for lipid peroxidation in rats. Consequently the 9,11/9,12 linoleic acid ratio is not a useful index for oxidative stress injury in this model of acute pancreatitis.
In summary, this study demonstrates that intravenous selenium given 24 hours after induction of experimental acute pancreatitis was associated with a reduction in the histological stigmata of pancreatic injury and a dramatic reduction in broncho-alveolar lavage protein content. Serum selenium fell during the course of experimental acute pancreatitis and this effect was not reversed by exogenous selenium supplementation. The question of whether anti-oxidant therapy is beneficial in pancreatitis remains unanswered to date. This small experimental study provides novel insight in that in a wellvalidated model, intervention with selenium was commenced 24 hours after induction of experimental acute pancreatitis and was associated with amelioration of pancreatic injury and lung injury. The findings of this study suggest that intervention with selenium is worthy of more detailed experimental and clinical evaluation in acute pancreatitis.
This work was supported by the award of the Dickinson Trust Research scholarship of the Manchester Royal Infirmary
