- (2008) Volume 9, Issue 4
Christopher Challand1, Daniel Titcomb2, Christopher P Armstrong2
1Gastroenterology Directorate, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust. Plymouth, United Kingdom.
2Department of Surgery, Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust. Bristol, United Kingdom
Received February 4th, 2008 - Accepted May 12th, 2008
Context Vascular complications of pancreatitis are more common in alcoholrather than gallstone-induced pancreatitis. Such complications are an important cause of mortality and morbidity, although peripancreatic vessel obstruction is a rare consequence. Patients with peripancreatic arterial obstruction can present with sudden and unexplained clinical deterioration requiring prompt diagnosis and intervention. Case report A 42-year-old woman with a proven pancreatic pseudocyst presented with acute abdominal pain. Initial investigations were non-diagnostic. A gastroscopy revealed patchy necrosis of the proximal stomach. Following sudden clinical deterioration, a contrast-enhanced CT scan was performed. The CT scan demonstrated a thickened gastric wall with intramural gas. The decision was taken to proceed to laparotomy, which revealed both gastric and splenic infarction. A total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction and splenectomy was performed. She made a successful recovery. Conclusion Arterial thrombosis should be considered in any patient with chronic pancreatitis who presents with an acute clinical deterioration. Successful outcomes can be achieved with prompt diagnosis using contrast-enhanced CT scanning and early surgical intervention.
Celiac Artery; Pancreatic Pseudocyst; Thrombosis
Vascular complications of pancreatitis are a well-recognised cause of morbidity and mortality being more frequently observed in alcohol-induced rather than gallstone pancreatitis [1]. Portal vein thrombosis, haemorrhage from arterial erosion or rupture of pseudoaneurysms, visceral ischaemia and haemorrhage into pseudocysts have been described [2].
Arterial thrombosis has been reported affecting various important major vessels in close proximity to the pancreas [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Peripancreatic arterial occlusions may lead to infarction and necrosis of the organs supplied by them. A single case of celiac artery trunk thrombosis has been previously reported as a consequence of acute pancreatitis following pancreatic necrosectomy requiring total gastrectomy [4].
We report a case of celiac artery trunk thrombosis causing gastric and splenic infarction in a patient with alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis with an associated pseudocyst, where alimentary continuity was established at the primary operation.
A 42-year-old active alcoholic woman with a ten-year history of alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis and proven pancreatic pseudocyst (recent CT scan within six months) was admitted with acute abdominal pain. Examination revealed localized left upper quadrant tenderness. She was apyrexial and haemodynamically-stable. Plain radiographs were non-diagnostic. Initial laboratory investigations, including liver function tests, demonstrated a normal white cell count of 10.3 x109/L (reference range: 3.5 to 10.5 x109/L) with an elevated lipase of 78 U/L (reference range: 22 to 51 U/L), but were otherwise unremarkable. Arterial blood gases revealed a compensated metabolic acidosis: pH 7.43 (reference range: 7.35 to 7.45), PaCO2 3.0 kPa (reference range: 4.7 to 6.0 kPa), HCO3 14.9 mmol/L (reference range: 22 to 26 mmol/L), base excess -7.5 mmol/L (reference range: -2 to +2 mmol/L), and lactate 3.9 mmmol/L (reference range: 0.5 to 2.0 mmol/L).
The following day, a gastroscopy was arranged and showed patchy necrosis of the proximal stomach (Figure 1). Subsequently, she became tachycardic (heart rate 115 beats/minute) with localised peritonism in the left upper quadrant and a leucocytosis of 15.4 x109/L and elevated C-reactive protein of 302 mg/L (reference range: 0 to 7.5 mg/L). An urgent CT scan was performed and revealed a 10 cm pancreatic pseudocyst in the lesser sac and a thickened gastric wall containing intramural gas particularly affecting the fundus without evidence of perforation (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Gastroscopy demonstrating patchy necrosis of the proximal stomach (arrowed) with associated mucosal ulceration.
Figure 2. A contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrating thickened gastric wall containing intra-mural gas (straight arrow) with associated pancreatic pseudocyst (notched arrow).
Decision was taken to proceed to laparotomy, which revealed an oedematous, and ischaemic stomach. Thrombosed vessels were adherent to both the left lobe of the liver and the pancreatic pseudocyst. Splenic infarction was noted. Visible thrombosis was seen upon vessel transaction. Total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction and splenectomy was performed with concurrent external drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst, adhesiolysis and insertion of a feeding jejunostomy. Histology confirmed full thickness mucosal gastric infarction with pyloric sparring and extensive splenic infarction.
Feeding was commenced day 1 postoperatively via the jejunostomy. A watersoluble contrast swallow was performed on day 5 which demonstrated no anastamotic leak and oral fluids were commenced. She made a slow post-operative recovery and was discharged without further complication.
Arterial complications of pancreatitis usually present as haemorrhage into the abdominal cavity or gastrointestinal tract due to vascular erosion or pseudoaneurysm rupture, although cases of arterial thrombosis, and subsequent occlusion, are well-documented [1, 2, 3, 4]. Patients with peripancreatic arterial obstruction as a consequence of pancreatitis can present with sudden and unexplained clinical deterioration and hence prompt diagnosis and timely surgical intervention is required.
Previous studies concluded that vascular complications are significantly more common in alcohol rather than gallstone-induced pancreatitis [1], and the incidence of vascular complications are three times higher in chronic pancreatitis [3]. The pathophysiology of vascular complications in pancreatitis is not fully understood. In acute pancreatitis, both microvascular changes induced by pancreatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and macrovascular mechanisms due to exposure of vessels to inflammatory mediators and proteolytic enzymes, may have important roles in the development of arterial thrombosis [2, 4]. The sequence of events in chronic pancreatitis is less well known. Further microcirculatory disturbance may occur due to acinar cell dysfunction with associated activation of digestive enzymes [8], or episodes of recurrent pancreatitis may cause a similar mechanism to that described in acute pancreatitis [2]. It is possible that pseudocysts cause a direct pressure effect on surrounding vasculature leading to arterial occlusion. However, this is unproven.
The consequences of celiac artery trunk thrombosis are variable. Perigastric arterial thrombosis leads to gastric infarction requiring urgent surgical intervention. Splenic infarction can be managed conservatively [5]. Dual blood supply and superior collateral flow ensures that the liver is resilient to the effects of thrombosis [4]. A Roux-en-Y reconstruction allowed immediate restoration of alimentary continuity. Such procedures may be less advisable in the presence of gastric perforation and sepsis.
The possibility of arterial thrombosis should be considered in any patient with chronic pancreatitis who presents with an acute clinical deterioration. Prompt diagnosis with contrast-enhanced CT scanning allowed successful and early operative management of a potentially life-threatening event. Patients with alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis are more susceptible to developing vascular complications and may warrant specific screening allowing early detection.
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest
