Journal of Autacoids Open Access

Physiological Activities of Lipids Focusing on Eicosanoids

Verde Roberta^* Department of Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Italy
^*Correspondence: Verde Roberta, Department of Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Italy, Email:

Received: 31-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. JAC-23-15818; Editor assigned: 02-Feb-2023, Pre QC No. JAC-23-15818 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Feb-2023, QC No. JAC-23-15818; Revised: 21-Feb-2023, Manuscript No. JAC-23-15818 (R); Published: 28-Feb-2023, DOI: 10.35841/jac.4.1.02

Introduction

This article describes the pathways of eicosanoid synthesis, the eicosanoid receptors, the action of eicosanoids in various physiological systems, the role of eicosanoids in specific diseases, and the major inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis and action. Eicosanoids are highly bioactive and act on many cell types through G protein-coupled receptors on the plasma membrane, although some eicosanoids are also ligands for nuclear receptors. Because eicosanoids are rapidly degraded, they mainly act locally at the production site. Many eicosanoids have multiple and sometimes pleiotropic effects on inflammation and immunity. Many eicosanoids play a role in regulating the vascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and female reproductive systems. Despite their important role in physiology, eicosanoids are often implicated in diseases such as inflammatory diseases and cancer. Inhibitors have been developed to interfere with the synthesis or action of various eicosanoids, some of which are used to treat disease, especially inflammation.

Description

Various factors are involved in the complex course of inflammation. Microbiological, immunological, and toxic agents can trigger inflammatory responses by activating various humoral and cellular mediators. During the early stages of inflammation, excessive amounts of cytokines and inflammatory mediators are released. Among other signaling pathways, these factors activate lipogenic pathways and play important roles in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction. Arachidonic acid, a precursor of proinflammatory eicosanoids, is released from membrane phospholipids.

The polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly metabolized to generate 2-series eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, which is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fat and in the occidental diet. The three main pathways that metabolize arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to form eicosanoids are the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and epoxygenase pathways. Inflammation plays an important role in various stages of tumor development, including initiation, promotion, invasion and metastasis. This review focuses on studies that have investigated the role of prostanoid and lipoxygenase- derived eicosanoids in the development and progression of various tumors, suggesting that these eicosanoids control cell proliferation, influence cell migration, and influence inflammatory processes\Vascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary formation are synthesized from angiogenic growth factors, including proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, and fatty acids. Stimulated by eicosanoids Clinical studies have shown that angiogenesis in solid tumors is associated with poor prognosis, indicating cancer potential in precancerous lesions. A high-fat, high-fat diet is associated with a relatively poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. In a nude mouse model, the same diet promoted breast cancer progression, but n-3 fatty acids exerted inhibitory effects associated with impaired angiogenesis. This activity is blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis, one of which, indomethacin, suppresses n-6 fatty acid-stimulated mouse mammary carcinoma growth and metastasis and tumor angiogenesis. Selective inhibitors of eicosanoid synthase and fatty acid dietary interventions deserve clinical evaluation as adjunctive and chemopreventive agents.

Conclusion

Endogenously produced lipid autacoids are locally acting small-molecule lipid mediators that play a central role in inflammation and tissue homeostasis and have recently been implicated in cancer. Eicosanoids may represent the missing link between inflammation and cancer and thus may serve as therapeutic targets to inhibit tumor.