Research Article - (2012) Volume 2, Issue 5
1Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Sport management, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Safadasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Safadasht, Iran
The main purpose of the study is to determine the knowledge and understanding of sport coaches and physical training teachers with sport laws. The statistical number of teachers was 15 people and the statistical number of coaches 15, the statistical number of sport directors was also 15 from all sport coaches and managers of Karaj city. The results indicated that 20% of sport managers were familiar with sport laws but the remained 40% were not familiar with sport laws. Moreover, about 40% had the modest familiarity with this topic. The lack of familiarity by managers in the field of sport laws can be due to the lack of studies in the field of sport laws; for this reason, the conscious of this group is not subjected to other elements; thus, because the group of managers were mainly people higher than 30 year old with top management experiences and educated, so the same experience can be considered as their understanding base in this group; In other words. They have experienced that any events taken place by their fault can be fallen them as responsible for those events, so, it can be concluded that they should be mostly aware of any events consequences.
sport laws- sport manager- physical training teacher.
The emergence of any catastrophic events during sport events is an inevitable process. Some of these events cause to serious injuries of athletes or spectaculars and in other cased it may lead to death; these events may happen due to some reasons and the reasons can be the base of making faults. Many these sport catastrophic events come from the lack of responsibility; today, it is proven that any responsibility deficiency is bringing the consequent burden in that event; for example, when practicing athletes is going to be risky, the related sport atmosphere must be legally forbidden, and the cycling coach should take the cyclist out of the crowded roads because if the same cycling confronts with a catastrophic accident, the coach will be guilt in this regard. In another example, when the crowds of spectaculars cause to destroy the stadium, the stadium manager is responsible for the consequents of the event happened there. The fact is that athletes and spectaculars do not accept the catastrophic events taking place around the stadium at all [13]. Now, it may be time to amend and give the newest attitudes towards the catastrophic in juries in the field of sport preventing any injuries or morbidity in this regard. The social necessity imply that sport must be in the can text of every society, thus, any injury or mortality in the field of sport should be taken account in sport scenery [2]. Coaches, teachers are those ones whose interferences are mostly sensed in sport events; therefore, the emergence of any sport events can be related to these sport coaches and partners. So, the present study is to determine the degree of sport coaches and teachers consciousness in Ahar town with sport laws giving favorable approaches in this field. In addition, the main aims of the research are as follows:
Whether athletes and viewers coming to stadiums want to be handicapped, or to have bone fractures or die? Who is responsible for these calamities and should reply to? To decrease these sport injuries, what remedies can be recommended?
The awareness of coaches and sport teachers from their responsibilities can provide and meet all necessary relatedbased tasks to be fulfilled in a high-potential way.
However, the lack of consciousness may face these managers and sport partners is a ridiculous-based task atmosphere; thus, the familiarity of sport managers with their responsibilities lead them to take account their tasks in a correct way. If an event caused to death of an athlete, the lack of partner's responsibility would be obviously fault leading him/her to many different legally problems [3,7]. This kind of unconsciousness may lead to many different problems in the field of the sport laws; thus, the awareness can meet all necessary sport laws for the managers and teachers to use their ideas in a favorable and healthy setting. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to determine the sport coaches and physical education teachers of Alborz province in terms of sport laws as well.
In order to access to the questionnaire and favorable tool, three steps were completes in this regard. First, the antecedents of the research were assessed and then, due to the hypotheses and research targets as well as specialists comments about the questionnaire, the response package was prepared. After the necessary amendments and changes, the questionnaire was sent to coaches, partners and sport managers of Alborz province to give their comments about it. The statistical community of this study was included all sport coaches, managers and teachers of Karaj city. The coaches, community is evolved all sport coaches of Ahar in the sport fields with sport-related certificate. The teacher community of was including all physical education teachers at least with associated degree (A.D) in sport field and the managers community was consisted of sport managers and directors of the schools who were responsible in governmental sport department and or they were directly the manager of public sport mangers, and three cases were evolved in both men and women.
To select the sample of sport coaches and physical education teachers, their proportions were considered and separately with the same number of managers, coaches and teachers were also taken up in this regard. Then, from the list, the sample selection was randomly selected than men and women. The selection method of coaches and sport managers was categorization which completed from the list without considering their gender but the selection method of teachers was considered as clustering sample method, so that the schools of Ahar city was related to the same cluster and they were selected together as randomly than the number of men and women from each cluster.
The number of statistical teachers sample was 15, coaches 15 and managers 15, respectively.
Data collection method
The data collection method was carried out by the questionnaire. To do this issue, the researcher and et al went to the office of managers and coaches after extracting the related statistical data and determining the number of sample group. So, the questionnaires of the research were given to the sample group and then they were all collected successfully.
Statistical methods
To show personal features, percentage and degree of awareness and people's familiarity in each category with sport laws, the descriptive statistic method was applied efficiently. The descriptive statistic and the percentage distributions as well as the central indices and the figures were applied to analysis the data.
The results showed that about 20% of sport mangers are familiar with sport laws but 40% are not equipped with this kind of sport knowledge. Forty percent is also modestly familiar with this subject. Figure 1 has shown the degree of manager's familiarity with the issue of sport laws.
Figure 1. The degree of sport coaches, physical education teachers and sport managers familiarity with sport laws
As shown in figure 1, 22.22% of the subjects are familiar with the issue of sport laws but 77.78% showed their unfamiliarity in this case.
Figure 2. The degree of sport coaches, physical education teachers and sport mangers responsibility in sport.
Figure 3. The degree of sport coaches, physical education teachers and sport managers with sport laws
Figure 4. The degree of sport coaches, physical educations teachers and sport mangers with spectacular laws
In order to define and explain the degree of conscious and familiarity of the subjects with the sport laws, a questionnaire was designed to ask the subjects to give their comments about the sport laws and legal responsibilities of each coach or sport manger and teacher. The related basics here are subjected to the responses of each subjects representing that the degree of consciousness has been originated from the mentioned elements or legal responsibilities in the field of sport laws. The subjects responded their questions by using Linker scale as following: very high, high, moderate, low, very low, No, I don't know.
"Very high" and "high" responses were assessed as the familiarity of people with the elements of sport laws; the very low, low, No, I don't know" responses were also considered as the unfamiliarity of sport laws elements. If the "very high" and "high" responses are more than 50%, the people have called conscious but the latter lower than 50% would be considered moderate familiar and the responses "very low", "low" and "I don't know" showing the unfamiliarity of those mangers and sport teachers [10,12]. The subjects of coaches group have five year coaching experience; they are also B.A and higher than 30 year old; their education major is mostly non-physical education. The subjects of manger group had five year managerial experiences mainly as a sport complex manger and mostly 30 years old, B.A and non- physical training major.
The subjects of teacher group were also higher than 30 years old with 10 years employment background and they were all B.A in physical training and sport sciences. About 46.6% of sport coaches were familiar with sport laws issues and only 20% stated that they are just familiar with the basic concepts of sport laws. Therefore, we conclude that, the sport coaches mainly are not familiar with sport laws. In addition to the sport laws issues, the sport coaches were asked about seven sub-group elements of sport laws including as follows:
Athlete care task, athlete alarm task, athlete training task, athlete safety task, medical aids task, continuous supervision of sport equipment [18,19]. In all above-mentioned cases, the sport coaches responses representing their familiarity with these concepts and tasks so that the percent of "high" and "very high responses" is greater than "low" and "very low", No and I don't know responses. Therefore, it can be concluded that although coaches conceptually are not familiar with these topics, but they are skillfully familiar with their tasks and responsibilities. In order to remove this controversial topic, it can be stated that the reason for the lack of coaches familiarity with sport law issues is that they may not have enough studies in this regard; thus, due to their experiences and age as well as B.A educations, they can understand fully their tasks and responsibilities tasks in the field of sport setting of course, this issue has not been considered as compiled. They found that due to many different injuries, all the coaches should be familiar with their responsibilities to prevent their consequent faults. These results can be compared to Lora Spini (2004) research results; he concluded that the knowledge and consciousness of coaches raise the sport performance in sport atmospheres [7]. Also, these results are matched to Jumpine (1983) study because he stated that athletes and spectaculars accuse their coaches and officials for the lack of knowledge in front of insurance problems [6]. In the group of sport mangers, 40% were familiar with the sport laws elements and 20% were just got familiar with the concepts; also, these sport mangers were asked to tell their comments about nine sport laws elements as following:
Care task, athlete alert task, safety training task, athlete alert task, safety training task, medical aids, continuous supervision from the present sport equipment and maintenance task and providing safe locations for the viewers and other responsibilities than other care tasks which 53.3% were familiar with; it is interesting that in the other cases, the group of sport managers were highly familiar with sport laws and represented that the above-mentioned tasks are their own considered responsibilities. These results can be compared to the results of James Nefzigher (1992) because he concluded that the conscious of managers from sport laws has relationship with their optimized performance causing to responsibility for completing heavy tasks in the field of sport [7]. The lack of familiarity in this group with sport laws can be due to the lack of studies in terms of sport laws. For this reason, the conscious of this group cannot be related to other elements; thus, because the mangers group is mainly composed of 30 year old and top management experiences with sport complex responsibilities, therefore, the experience and their understanding can be subjected to these responsibilities? In other words, they experimentally experienced that if an event drastically happened due to their guilt, they would undoubtedly be under legal prosecution. These results can be compared to the results of Scalf and Robinson (1978) as well. Because they have concluded that players or viewers accept just usual and normal risks but never understand the unpredictable from executives of stadiums at all [17]. The subjects of teachers group had given balanced responses in the field of sport laws elements; thus, the descriptive results representing that the lowest percentage of this group is familiar with sport laws so that 26.6% familiar, 40% no familiar and 33.3% were in modest level of familiarity in this regard. The status of teachers in other seven elements related to sport laws was like two groups and the high percentage of these teachers were familiar with the related elements. These results can be compared to the results of Brian Hindoor (2004); he stated the consciousness towards sport laws as a facilitator of sport [19].
The statically analysis of sport laws variables among male and female sport coaches showed significant differences in four cases as following:
1-Athlete preparation task,
2-safety training task,
3-medical aids preparation task,
4-continuous supervision from sport equipment.
In other words, men are more familiar than women in four mentioned items and it comes from men's high responsibility. The variable statistical analysis among physical education coaches with non-physical fields showed significant difference in four elements as following:
1- they pretended the lowest familiarity in the field of sport sciences, 2 and 3- they presented the highest knowledge in the field of athlete preparation and training safety tasks, 4- the non-physical education coaches showed the highest knowledge in the field of medical aids task representing the necessary requirements of athletes in this regard. The variable statistical analysis of sport laws among B.A. and under B.A men showed that there are significant differences between two groups' attitudes as following:
1- In the field of sport laws, the B.A coaches stated their lack of knowledge in this case. 2- In the field of safety training task and continuous supervision of sport equipment, the B.A coaches stated the greatest conscious in this regard. The statistical analysis never showed any significant difference in each variable between men and women coaches but in comparison, in the analysis of B.A mangers results, four following options were mentioned:
1-Care task,
2-alert task,
3-continuous supervision of sport equipment task,
4-responsibility from another action.
In the analysis of the results related to sport sciences mangers and non-physical partners, the significant difference was observed in the attitudes of two groups:
1-safety training tasks,
2-preparing medical aids task,
3-preparing safe location for spectaculars,
4-providing favorable sport equipment,
5-keeping the present sport machineries representing that all these officials are very conservative in the field of sport complex requirements.
There is a significant difference in the field of continuous supervision of sport facilities foe mangers with non-sport fields. The statistical analysis of the results related to men and women never showed any significant difference in each sport laws elements. Generally, sport managers, coaches and teachers stated their unfamiliarity with the elements of sport laws. This shows their lack of studies in the same field of sport sciences. Because there is no found any clear letter or statements in the field of sport laws in the education department.
The statement of subject's familiarity with the related tasks in sport laws can be originated from the years of experiences, education level and job experiences; of course, the emotional and task-based responsibilities of coaches, managers and teachers can be also effective in this regard.
One of the biggest generations or gaps between the sport and sport laws process is related to the lack of legislators legal issues in the field of officials guilt; however, there are found paradoxical debates in the field of sport yet. As we know, there are many catastrophic events happening in the field of country's sport atmosphere that they may cause to terribly events for athletes and spectaculars; thus, it seems that, the lack of lows related to sport and sport laws must be prevented seriously. Also, although there are many different statements in the field of sport laws issued in Islamic republic of Iran and education department, however, it seems that these statements have not been clarified apparently. From this point of view, there must be many changes in this regard and this kind of change or amendment can be effective in awareness of sport coaches and executive officials in relation to athletes, spectaculars and students.
Educational approaches
The clarity of coaches' mangers and sport teachers legal tasks can be effective for these individuals to get enough familiar with their legal tasks in sport setting; thus the following educational approaches are recommended as the high-potential affairs in this regard:
1- Coaches, managers and sport teachers are responsible for their athletes’ activity as their under-supervision affairs to prevent any unexpectedly events. People and parents keep their children under their teachers and managers to exercise and expect never catastrophic events happen against them; thus, all sport coaches and managers must be so conservative in their job atmosphere for preserving their athletes to practice in a healthy setting.
2- Coaches, managers and sport teachers are under burden to give their athletes enough safety in relation to risk factors and they should never forget warning their athletes for risky agents.
3- In order to prevent athletes any sport injuries, these sport coaches, mangers and teachers should continuously check all sport facilities and equipment. Also, these managers should prepare or change any damaged sport equipments to stop any unpredictable events for their athletes.
4- Preparing medical aids in sport setting is one of the most essential affairs which three groups of coaches, managers and teachers must pay attention to it in this regard.
5- Caches and teachers are responsible for preparing their athletes in the next future competitions and prevent any athletes whose readiness is not favorable participate in tournaments.
6- Managers are responsible for providing safety for all spectaculars sitting in stadiums; this stops any damages may happen during the excitement of the tournaments.
7- Managers are responsible for those ones who are doing actions in stadium atmospheres, because they are under burden of even criminal actions.
