Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Journal Open Access

Understanding Carbohydrate Metabolism and how it affects the health of living beings

Michael C. Adams^{* 1}Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina, USA
^*Correspondence: Michael C. Adams, Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina, USA, Email:

Received: 31-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. IPBMBJ-22-12958; Editor assigned: 02-Feb-2022, Pre QC No. IPBMBJ-22-12958 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Feb-2022, QC No. IPBMBJ-22-12958; Revised: 21-Feb-2022, Manuscript No. IPBMBJ-22-12958 (R); Published: 28-Feb-2022, DOI: 10.36648/2471-8084- 22.8.59

Introduction

Carbohydrate metabolism includes all biochemical processes involved in the metabolism formation, breakdown, and conversion of carbohydrates in the body. Carbohydrates are the basis of many important metabolic processes. Plants absorb carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. This allows plants to store the energy absorbed from the sun inside. When animals and fungi eat plants, they use cellular respiration to break down these stored carbohydrates, making cells available for energy. Animals and plants temporarily store energy, are released in the form of high-energy molecules such as ATP, and are used in various cellular processes people can eat a variety of carbohydrates, and digestion breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple monomers (monosaccharides): glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose.

About the Study

After rehydration, monosaccharides are transported through the portal vein to the liver, where all non-glucose monosaccharides (fructose, galactose) are converted to sugar. Glucose (blood sugar) is still distributed to tissue cells, where it is either broken down by breathing or stored as glycogen. In aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are digested for energy, and carbon dioxide and water are the final products. Carbohydrates are living molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The carbohydrate family includes both monosaccharides and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of monosaccharides, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of complex sugars. Glycoconjugates, also called polysaccharides, are composed of many monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy stores (such as starch and glycogen) and structural components (such as insect chitin and plant cellulose).

Degradation (catabolism) and anabolic action of carbohydrate molecules are important mechanisms used by the human body to store and use energy and to provide molecular components such as nucleotides. Enzymatic reactions that form the monosaccharide carbohydrate metabolism pathway include glycolysis, the cyclic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation as the primary means of producing the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) included. The gluconeogenic and pentose phosphate pathways represent two important assimilation pathways for the production of new carbohydrate molecules. Glycogen has a unique metabolic mechanism for increasing, shortening, and / or adding branch points to the carbohydrate chain. Not surprisingly, all of these processes are tightly regulated in many areas to make these important biomolecules available to the human body. Finally, many modified carbohydrates are part of various signaling and cytosol cells, such as glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Therefore, these important carbohydrate molecules and checkpoints for carbohydrate and glycoprotein metabolism allow physicians to alter these multiple responses to improve health or combat disease. Lactose, or lactose, contains one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. After glucose is broken down, galactose enters the liver and is converted to sugar. Galactokinsase uses ATP molecules to phosphorylate galactose. The phosphorylated galactose is then converted to glucose 1-phosphate and finally to glucose 6-phosphate. This is converted by glycolysis.

Conclusion

Carbohydrates are usually stored as long polymers of glucose molecules with glycosidic bonds that support structure (chitin, cellulose, etc.) or energy storage (glycogen, starch, etc.). However, the strong interaction of many carbohydrates in water invalidates the maintenance of large amounts of carbohydrates due to the high molecular weight of the carbohydrate compounds dissolved in water. In many animals, excess carbohydrates remain catabolized to form acetyl-CoA and feed the feed with fatty acids. Fatty acids, triglycerides, and other lipids are commonly used to store energy for long periods of time. Because lipids are hydrophobic, they provide a more complex form of energy storage than hydrophilic carbohydrates. Gluconeogenesis allows the synthesis of glucose from a variety of sources, including lipids.