Proteomic approaches to the identification of disease biomarkers rely principally on the comparative analysis of protein expression in normal and disease tissues to identify aberrantly expressed proteins that may represent new biomarkers, analysis of secreted proteins (in cell lines and primary cultures), and direct serum protein profiling. Proteomics methodologies include assessment of protein expression (by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by other antibody-based methods) and the isolation, identification, and quantification of proteins in biosamples with high-resolution 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, surface chromatography by adsorption of proteins to activated surfaces (matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization technology), or via peptide ionization procedures and mass spectroscopy.
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