Alexander Chen*, Matthew McCarron, Lauren Schooner, Kaevon Brasfield, Jordyn Chesley, Mark Ashla, Selam Mulugeta, Andrew Tung, Carlos Figueroa, Steven J. Siegel, Melissa L. Wilson and Darrin J. Lee
Background: Schizophrenia is a significant cause of morbidity, and current biologic treatments often fail to achieve remission. Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation therapy approved for major depression. Peer-reviewed literature suggests that rTMS may have efficacy for psychosis as well as negative and cognitive symptoms; however, holistic data regarding the use of rTMS for schizophrenia remains unclear.
Objective: We aim to synthesize published data of rTMS efficacy in treating schizophrenia and evaluate the most efficacious treatment parameters.
Methods: A meta-analysis was performed evaluating mean weighted effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and heterogeneity (Cochran’s I2).
Results: 24 studies were included for analysis (N=4091). rTMS demonstrated greater effect sizes over sham in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative (d=0.40, p=0.007 I2=59), PANSS general (d=0.31, p=0.004, I2=0) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) (d=0.470, p=0.020, I2=58.2) scores. rTMS also demonstrated significant effect sizes over sham in PANSS positive (d=0.207, p=0.017, I2=20.2) and MADRS (d=0.457, p=0.023, I2=54.1) Sub-group analyses indicated that the stimulation location and frequency did not statistically influence efficacy.
Conclusion: rTMS may have benefits for treating schizophrenia, particularly in reducing negative symptoms when targeting the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with high frequency stimulation (≥ 10 Hz). There was no evidence to support the efficacy of rTMS on audiovisual hallucinations. Further large-scale clinical trials are necessary to verify these findings and evaluate the durability of treatment effects, as there is limited long-term outcome data for the use of TMS for schizophrenia.
Published Date: 2022-12-20; Received Date: 2022-11-22
